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 The Expression Emotions  TOEFL 托福閱讀考古題 Questions (二)  

句子插入題型和複選題一樣是托福閱讀的必考題，這是最容易失分的題型之一，很容易因為選項多、理解不清、文法不熟的情況很容易就失分，因此除了多練習題目之外，另外就是要檢討自己的錯誤，要確切了解到自己到底是因為單字不足，還是文法不夠熟悉，抑或是因為根本不懂題目或作者要表達的意思。

  Paragraph 3: Psychological researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. In fact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emotions and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a person’s facial expression can influence that person’s emotional state/ Consider Darwin’s words: “The free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the other hand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions. “Can smiling give rise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?

7. According to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that were net expressed?

○ They would become less intense.

○ They would last linger than usual.

○ They would cause problems later.

○ They would become more negative.

Paragraph 4: Psychological research has given rise to some interesting findings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to simile, for example, lead them to report more positive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being more humorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being more aggressive.

8. According to the passage, research involving which of the following supported the facial-feedback hypothesis ?

○ The reactions of people in experiments to cartoons

○ The tendency of people in experiment to cooperate

○ The release of neurotransmitters by people during experiments

○ The long-term effects of repressing emotions

9. The word rate in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Judge

○ Reject

○ Draw

○ Want

Paragraph 6: Eckman’s observation may be relevant to the British expression “keep a stiff upper lip” as a recommendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff” lip suppresses emotional response – as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial feedback may heighten emotional response.

10. The word relevant in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ Contradictory

○ Confusing

○ Dependent

○ Applicable

11. According to the passage, stiffening the upper lip may have which of the following effects?

○ It first suppresses stress, then intensifies it.

○ It may cause fear and tension in those who see it.

○ It can damage the lip muscles

○ It may either heighten or reduce emotional response.

Paragraph 2: ■ Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in all people. ■ Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. ■ In classic research Paul Eckamn took photographs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. ■ He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highlands. All groups, including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agree on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses . Eckman and his college more recently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.

12. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

This universality in the recognition of emotions was demonstrated by using rather simple methods.

Where would the sentence best fit?

13. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentence do not belong in summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.

Psychological research seems to confirm that people associate particular facial expressions with the same emotions across cultures.

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Answer Choices

○ Artificially producing the Duchenne smile can cause a person to have pleasant feelings.

○ A person’s facial expression may reflect the person’s emotional state.

○ Eckman argued that the ability to accurately recognize the emotional content of facial expressions was valuable for human beings.

○ Facial expressions that occur as a result of an individual’s emotional state may themselves feed back information that influences the person’s emotions.