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   Reflection in the teaching - TOEFL 托福閱讀考古題 Questions (一) 

在這組托福閱讀的問題中可以發現其實托福的問題是有一定的類型，單字就是其中必考的一組類型，另外還有像插入句子題、推理題等也都是主要出題的類型，其他還有像是列舉題、修辭目的題等等，當然如果對於題目有一定的了解與認識會加快做題速度，但前提仍是對於文章的理解和掌握、了解的單字多寡和文法的認識也都是想要在閱讀中拿取高分的關鍵要點。

Paragraph 1: Teachers, it is thought, benefit from the practice of reflection, the conscious act of thinking deeply about and carefully examining the interactions and events within their own classrooms. Educators T. Wildman and J. Niles (1987) describe a scheme for developing reflective practice in experienced teachers. This was justified by the view that reflective practice could help teachers to feel more intellectually involved in their role and work in teaching and enable them to cope with the paucity of scientific fact and the uncertainty of knowledge in the discipline of teaching.

1. The word “ justified ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○supported

○shaped

○stimulated

○suggested

2. According to paragraph 1, it was believed that reflection could help teachers

○understand intellectual principles of teaching

○strengthen their intellectual connection to their work

○use scientific fact to improve discipline and teaching

○adopt a more disciplined approach to teaching

Paragraph 2: Wildman and Niles were particularly interested in investigating the conditions under which reflection might flourish –a subject on which there is little guidance in the literature. They designed an experimental strategy for a group of teachers in Virginia and worked with 40 practicing teachers over several years. They were concerned that many would be “drawn to these new, refreshing” conceptions of teaching only to find that the void between the abstractions and the realities of teacher reflection is too great to bridge. Reflection on a complex task such as teaching is not easy. The teachers were taken through a program of talking about teaching events, moving onto reflecting about specific issues in a supported, and later an independent, manner.

3. The word “ flourish ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ continue

○ occur

○ succeed

○ apply

4. All of the following are mentioned about the experimental strategy described in paragraph 2 EXCEPT:

○It was designed so that teachers would eventually reflect without help from others.

○It was used by a group of teachers over a period of years.

○It involved having teachers take part in discussions of classroom events.

○It involved having teachers record in writing their reflections about teaching.

5. According to paragraph 2, Wildman and Niles worried that the teachers they were working with might feel that

○ the number of teachers involved in their program was too large

○ the concepts of teacher reflection were so abstract that they could not be applied

○ the ideas involved in reflection were actually not new and refreshing

○ several years would be needed to acquire the habit of reflecting on their teaching

Paragraph 3: Wildman and Niles observed that systematic reflection on teaching required a sound ability to understand classroom events in an objective manner. They describe the initial understanding in the teachers with whom they were working as being “utilitarian … and not rich or detailed enough to drive systematic reflection.” Teachers rarely have the time or opportunities to view their own or the teaching of others in an objective manner. Further observation revealed the tendency of teachers to evaluate events rather than review the contributory factors in a considered manner by, in effect, standing outside the situation.

6. The word “ objective ” in the passage is closest in meaning to

○ unbiased

○ positive

○ systematic

○ thorough

7. According to paragraph 3, what did the teachers working with Wildman and Niles often fail to do when they attempted to practice reflection?

○Correctly calculate the amount of time needed for reflection.

○Provide sufficiently detailed descriptions of the methods they used to help them reflect.

○Examine thoughtfully the possible causes of events in their classrooms.

○Establish realistic goals for themselves in practicing reflection.

8. How is paragraph 4 related to other aspects of the discussion of reflection in the passage?

○It describes and comments on steps taken to over come problems identified earlier in the passage.

○It challenges the earlier claim that teachers rarely have the time to think about their own or others' teaching.

○It identifies advantages gained by teachers who followed the training program described earlier in the passage.

○It explains the process used to define the principles discussed later in the passage.