Irma

托福分類單字 "Physiology" 生理學 (一)

研究報告或者知名論文都是托福主要的出題內容，所以相對來說內容其實是很嚴謹。就好比生理學本身就包含許多像是人體生理學、動植物生理學或者生理化學等等相關內容，這部分的相關內容還是以TED會比較多一點相關內容，不然就要多涉獵一些相關外國期刊雜誌來增進自己的知識內容。就好比Yawn 打呵欠就可以衍生出許多言就報導來，可能是關於動物團體行為方面、也可能經由演化而產生等等，所以總歸來說想要在托福考到不錯的成績，知識層面和單字就需要了解的相當廣泛。

1) physiological　(Adj.) 生理學的,生理學上的

2) neuroscientist 神經學家

3) drowsiness (N.) 睡意；嗜睡

例句

(1)  He felt pleasantly drowsy and had to fight off the urge to sleep.

4) boredom (N.)厭煩，厭倦；乏味；無聊

例句

(1)  They often find they begin to chat to relieve the boredom of the flight. 

(2)  They started quarrelling out of sheer boredom.

5) bring sth on　引起，造成（通常為壞事）

6) buildup 積累;增長;內建的;樹立;堵塞;增大;增進

例句

(1)  The exams came, almost an anticlimax after the build-up that the students had given them. 

(2)  The disease can also cause a build up of pressure in the inner ear leading to severe earache.

7) induce (V.) 導致給…催生；給…引產誘使；勸說給…催生；給…引產給…催生；給…引產

例句

(1)  Doctors said surgery could induce a heart attack.

(2)  More than 4,000 teachers were induced to take early retirement.

8) draw in　收縮, 引誘, 接近黃昏, 緊縮開；支引過來

例句

(1)  The days draw in and the mornings get darker. 

(2)  Science museums have tried to shake off their somewhat starchy image by mounting exhibitions designed to draw in the crowds.

9) fatigue = tiredness (V. /N) 疲憊，勞累；（金屬部件的）疲勞；使極度疲勞

例句

(1)   The problem turned out to be metal fatigue in the fuselage. 

(2)  Clarke says his team could have lasted another 15 days before fatigue would have begun to take a toll.

10) yawn (V. /N) (打) 哈欠

例句

(1)  They looked bored and yawned at the speeches.

(2)  The concert was a predictable yawn. 

11) developmental(Adj.) 發展的；促使成長的；進化的

例句

(1)  On the base of abundant idioplasm resources of our country and better study basis thedevelopmental prospect of our plant comparative anatomy is good so offer some advices for the further development.

(2)  On the basis of the estimated intake of electrolytes it is hypothesized that low urinary potassium and phosphate taken together with hypercalciuria are developmental factors contributing to the rise of blood pressure with age by increasing peripheral vascular resistance; low magnesium and calcium intake contribute as major exogenous factors.

12) get rid of sth擺脫；除去

例句

(1)  The shop ordered 20 copies of the book and now it can't get rid of (ie sell) them.

(2)  Once you have formed a bad habit, it is by no means easy to get rid of it.

13) oxygen (N.) 氧(氣)

14) carbon dioxide二氧化碳

15) prevent (V.) 阻止，妨礙；預防

16) evolution ( N.) 發展；演變；演化；進化

例句

(1)  They bought a dog to prevent any burglaries.

(2)  Bank profitability has suffered as the authorities engage in massive sterilisation to preventincreases in international reserves from spilling over into an undesirably rapid increase in bank lending.

17) ancestor ( N.) 祖先；（動植物）原種；（物體）原型

例句

(1)  No less than charles darwin first suggested that the appendix was a vestigial organ from anancestor that ate leaves theorizing that it was the evolutionary remains of a larger structure called a cecum which once was used by now-extinct predecessors for digesting food.

(2)  Archaeologists discovered that there was another hominoid called homo neanderthalensis had been living happily in europe and the circumjacent land before our remote ancestors homo sapiens migrated to europe.

18) descendant  ( N.) 子孫，後代

例句

(1) I will multiply his descendants; he shall be father of twelve princes, and I will raise a great nation from him

(2)  When I view all beings not as special creations but as the lineal descendants of some few beings which lived long before the first bed of the cambrian system was deposited they seem to me to become ennobled.

19) intimidate (V.) 恫嚇，恐嚇

例句

(1)  Attempts to intimidate people into voting for the governing party did not work. 

(2)  An iraq permitted to swallow kuwait would have the economic and military power as well as the arrogance to intimidate and coerce its neighbors-neighbors who control the lion's share of the world's remaining oil reserves

20) offshoot ( N.) 旁系子孫；支流；分枝；衍生物

例句

(1)  any groups of settlers came in order to have their own particular form of religion, and a number of offshoots of European churches are represented in America.

(2)  With is common interest in lawbreaking but its immense range of subject matter and widely-varying methods of treatment the crime novel could make a legitimate claim to be regarded as a separate branch of literature or at least as a distinct even though s slightly disreputable offshootof the traditional novel.

截取部分網路wiki資料(yawn)

In animals, yawning can serve as a warning signal. For example, Charles Darwin, in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, mentioned thatbaboons yawn to threaten their enemies, possibly by displaying large canine teeth. Similarly, Siamese fighting fish yawn only when they see a conspecific(same species) or their own mirror-image, and their yawn often accompanies aggressive attack.Guinea pigs also yawn in a display of dominance or anger, displaying their impressive incisor teeth. This is often accompanied by teeth chattering, purring and scent marking. Adelie penguins employ yawning as part of their courtship ritual. Penguin couples face off and the males engage in what is described as an "ecstatic display", opening their beaks and pointing their faces skyward. This trait has also been seen among emperor penguins. Researchers have been attempting to discover why these two different species share this trait, despite not sharing a habitat. Snakes yawn, both to realign their jaws after a meal and for respiratory reasons, as their trachea can be seen to expand when they do this. Dogs, and occasionally cats, often yawn after seeing people yawnnd when they feel uncertain.Dogs demonstrate contagious yawning when exposed to human yawning. Dogs are very adept at reading human communication actions, so it is unclear if this phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary history or a result of domestication. Fish can also yawn, and they increase this behavior due to lack of oxygen