Irma

托福分類單字 "Economics" 經濟學 (一) 

Ecinimics 經濟學相對來說算是托福聽力部分不是非常愛考的內容之一，如果與歷史搭配出現通常就是通常都是知名歷史事件，如下面提到的"鬱金香狂熱"(世界上最早的泡沫事件)，或者是"1929年華爾街股災"等，其實相關內容可能考生未必知道，但是如果能針對這方面的知識背景單字了解的，縱然不知道一開始鬱金香狂熱到底是怎樣的事件，但也有辦法推斷出考試內容要表達的相關內。

1) collapse (N. /V.)（由於壓力、無力或缺乏支持而）倒塌，坍塌，崩潰，垮掉；（因疾病或虛弱而）倒下，昏倒（使）；摺疊（尤指傢俱）；（人或企業）崩潰，垮掉，失敗

例句：

(1) The line suffered an embarrassing embankment collapse last week.

(2) He was rushed to hospital last week after suffering a collapsed lung. 

2) out of business失業； 破產； <美俚>損壞； 受傷

例句：

(1) 50,000 companies have gone out of business. 

(2) Many more companies would have gone out of business. 

3) bankruptcy (N.) 企業或個人破產（的狀況）；（某重要素質或影響）徹底消失

例句：

(1) The number of corporate bankruptcies climbed in August. 

(2) Many established firms were facing bankruptcy.

4) unemployed (Adj.) 失業的；待業的

例句：

(1) But are these people really unemployed, or not? 

(2) Concessions available to students, unemployed and registered disabled. 

5) Great Depression 大蕭條

例句：

(1) He never forgot the hardships he witnessed during the Great Depression of the 1930s. 

(2) Pitfall Economists' obsession with the Great Depression is understandable. 

6) crash (N. /V. / Adj.)（公司等）垮枱，破産，崩潰，崩盤；（使）猛撞（常發出巨大聲響或造成破壞）撞（車）；撞毀，撞壞；墜毀；（尤指事先無計劃而留在別人家裡）過夜，睡覺；（未經邀請）擅自闖入（派對等）；撞車事故；失事；迅速全面的；速成的；應急的

例句：

(1) When the market crashed, they assumed the deal would be cancelled.

(2) Professor Harris said that the population crash was unexpected. 

7) mania (N.) 狂熱；熱衷；癡迷；…狂；…癖；躁狂症

例句：

(1) He almost wouldn't eat at all and had the oddest manias.

(2) The media have a mania about rugby union.

8) tulip mania 鬱金香狂熱(歷史泡沫經濟事件)

9) irrational (Adj.) 不理智的，沒有理性的

例句：

(1) It's totally irrational, but I'm frightened of mice.

(2) His parents were worried by his increasingly irrational behaviour.

10) speculation (N.) 猜測；推測，推斷；投機，投機買賣

例句：

(1) The banks made too many risky loans which now can't be repaid, and they speculated in property whose value has now dropped. 

(2) Rumours that they are about to marry have been dismissed as pure speculation.

11) conflict (N./V.) 衝突；分歧；爭論；戰鬥，戰爭

例句：

(1) The National Security Council has met to discuss ways of preventing a military conflict. 

(2) The results of the new research would seem to conflict with existing theories.

12) variation (N.) 變化；變動；變體；變化了的東西；變奏曲

例句：

(1) Many theories on punishment exist, all of which are variations on a theme. 

(2) Every day without variation my grandfather ate a plate of cold ham. 

13) panic (N./V.) 恐慌，驚慌；（使）恐慌，（使）驚慌失措

例句：

(1) I phoned the doctor in a panic, crying that I'd lost the baby. 

(2) The boss always panics over/about the budget every month.

14) consumerism (N.) 消費；(過分強調購買和擁有商品的）消費主義

例句：

(1) They have clearly embraced Western consumerism.

(2) e disliked Christmas and its rampant (= extreme) consumerism.

15) gardening (N.) 園藝

例句：

(1) The Gardens are open from 10.30am until 5pm. 

(2) Jim gardened at the homes of friends on weekends.

16) horticulture (N.) 園藝學；園藝

17) remote mountainous region偏遠山區

18) brand(N. /V.)商標，牌子；火把打烙印於；以烙鐵打（標記）；加汙名於；譴責

例句：

(1) I bought one of the leading brands.

(2) The British brand of socialism was more interested in reform than revolution.

19) trademark商標；（某人的）標記，特徵

例句：

(1) She gave one of her trademark smiles.

(2) Velcro is a registered trademark.

20) close out減價拋售（貨物），削價處理（貨物）

例句：

(1) Smith and Company are prepared to close out their affairs before long. 

(2) It merely came close to wiping out the project.

截取部分網路wiki資料(經濟大蕭條)

The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are theKeynesian (demand-driven) and the monetarist explanation. There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists. The consensus among demand-driven theories is that a large-scale loss of confidence led to a sudden reduction in consumption and investment spending. Once panic and deflation set in, many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets. Holding money became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods, exacerbating the drop in demand. Monetarists believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession, but the shrinking of the money supply greatly exacerbated the economic situation, causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression.

Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right, or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending, particularly investment, is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression.Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations.

There is consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse. If the Fed had done that the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter.