Irma

托福閱讀 練習小短文 - 蒙娜麗莎的微笑(藝術學科) 

 蒙娜麗莎的微笑這個相信是眾所周知的義術作品，藝術是托福其中愛考的一個學科，就下面的文章內容來說，用詞不會太過艱深是托福入門的一篇很不錯練習閱讀的文章，但是長度仍不及托福閱讀的真正文章長度。

Mona Lisa

  "Mona Lisa" is a renowned portrait masterpiece. It represents the highest artistic achievements of Leonardo da Vinci, succeeded in shaping the rise of capitalism propertied classes during a city image of women. Stick figures sitting elegant, subtle smile, background landscape deep fog, vividly played a painter that strange smoke-like "unbounded gradient coloring"-like strokes. Painter trying to make people rich inner feelings and beautiful shape to achieve clever combination, for the portrait face in the corner of the lips and other key parts of their personal feelings, but also special emphasis on precise and subtle grasp the dialectical relationship, to charm of the environment, so that the Mongolian Mona Lisa's enigmatic smile has one kind of rhyme through the ages, that dream-like charming smile, by many art historians as "the mysterious smile." Its owners the French government to save it in the Louvre in Paris for the public to enjoy.

  500 years, people have been on the "Mona Lisa" mysterious smile today. Different audiences or at different times to see, seems to have a different feel. She laughed sometimes feel comfortable gentle, sometimes seem serious, sometimes like with a little sadness, and sometimes even show ridicule and derision. In one painting, the light changes can not be produced as in sculpture as a big difference. But in the Mona Lisa's face, somber shadows hidden, for her eyes and lips covered with a veil. The man's smile is mainly manifested in the eyes and mouth, and Leonardo da Vinci has chosen to put these parts painted looming, there is no clear boundaries, so will have this elusive "mysterious smile."    

 Leonardo da Vinci in 1502 (Italian Renaissance) began writing the "Mona Lisa", and according to Vasari (Vasari) records, this painting took four years to complete.

  Mona Lisa is a portrait bust of the Italian first one, stick figures sitting and put folded hands resting on the arm of the seat, from the head to the waist showing a complete shape to the bust, a portrait painted on an early change head and upper body, the chest truncated composition, painters and photographers for the future to establish a new portrait drawing basic architecture.  

  Using Da Vinci painting pyramid structure to be simple and full of ladies placed in the painting. Her hands together form pyramids stacked in front of the corner . Her chest, neck and face with her hands full of the same soft light. These changes in the organic part of the light show flesh plump and soft, including the aforementioned smile. Sigmund Freud understood as a painter this smile on his mother's emotional memories. Others describe it as naive , or even as pro- inducing trance or sad . It should be noted that most of the portrait of Leonardo time with such a smile .

   Recently some scholars have pointed out that the reason why the Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci application looks faint because of the illusion of eyes . The center of the eye generally more sensitive to bright areas , while the edges on the darker areas sensitive . Smile when people are generally recognized mainly by the morphological characteristics of the lips and eyes judgment . The Mona Lisa, Leonardo da Vinci is the use of the lips forming shadows. When you stare at her eyes when you do not ignore her mouth and eyes , you will think she is smiling and you stare at her mouth when you ignore her mouth and eyes , you will feel that she is not smiling ( grotesque psychology ) .  

  In addition to its mysterious Mona Lisa smile , said , stick figures look quite unique . No matter which angle you from the front Shang Hua , will find Mona Lisa 's eyes look directly at you, it makes people feel as if the eyes of the Mona Lisa is alive, will walk with the audience's perspective , and all the audience hold to eternal smile .

《蒙娜麗莎》是一幅享有盛譽的肖像畫傑作。它代表達·芬奇的最高藝術成就，成功地塑造了資本主義上升時期一位城市有產階級的婦女形象。畫中人物坐姿優雅，笑容微妙，背景山水幽深茫茫，淋漓盡致地發揮了畫家那奇特的煙霧狀“無界漸變著色法”般的筆法。畫家力圖使人物的豐富內心感情和美麗的外形達到巧妙的結合，對於人像面容中眼角唇邊等表露感情的關鍵部位，也特別著重掌握精確與含蓄的辯證關係，達到神韻之境，從而使蒙娜麗莎的微笑具有一種神秘莫測的千古奇韻，那如夢似的嫵媚微笑，被不少美術史家稱為“神秘的微笑”。

  500年來，人們一直對《蒙娜麗莎》神秘的微笑莫衷一是。不同的觀者或在不同的時間去看，感受似乎都不同。有時覺得她笑得舒暢溫柔，有時又顯得嚴肅，有時像是略含哀傷，有時甚至顯出譏嘲和揶揄。在一幅畫中，光線的變化不能像在雕塑中產生那樣大的差別。但在蒙娜麗莎的臉上，微暗的陰影時隱時現，為她的雙眼與唇部披上了一層面紗。而人的笑容主要表現在眼角和嘴角上，達·芬奇卻偏把這些部位畫得若隱若現，沒有明確的界線，因此才會有這令人捉摸不定的“神秘的微笑”。它的擁有者法國政府把它保存在巴黎的盧浮宮供公眾欣賞。

 達芬奇1502年（義大利文藝復興時期）開始創作《蒙娜麗莎》，並根據瓦薩里（Vasari）的記載，這幅畫耗時4年完成。

蒙娜麗莎是義大利最早的一幅半身畫像，畫中人物坐著並把交疊的雙手擱在座椅的扶手上，從頭部至腰部完整的呈現出半身形體，一改早期畫像只畫頭部及上半身、在胸部截斷的構圖，為日後的畫家及攝影師樹立新的肖像圖基本架構。達·芬奇使用金字塔結構來將畫中的女士簡單而充滿地放置在畫中。她的疊在一起的手構成金字塔前方的角。她的胸部、頸部和面部煥發出與她的手同樣的柔軟的光芒。這些有機部分的光芒的變化顯示出肉體的豐滿和柔潤，包括上述的笑容。西格蒙德·佛洛德將這個笑容理解為畫家對他母親的感性的懷念。其他人將它描寫為天真的、誘媚的或甚至於出神的或悲傷的。應該指出的是達·芬奇當時的肖像畫多半帶有這樣的微笑。

  最近有學者指出蒙娜麗莎之所以看起來似笑非笑是因為達芬奇應用了眼睛的錯覺。眼睛的中心部位一般對較為亮的區域敏感，而邊緣則對較暗的區域敏感。人一般確認笑容時主要是靠嘴唇和眼睛的形態特徵判斷。而達芬奇就是利用了蒙娜麗莎嘴唇形成的陰影。當你盯著她的眼睛時你不會忽視她的嘴和眼睛，就會覺得她在微笑，而你盯著她的嘴時你會忽視她的嘴和眼睛，就會覺得她沒有在微笑（怪誕心理學）。 

  神秘的蒙娜麗莎除了以其微笑著稱，畫中人物的眼神也相當獨特。無論你從正面哪個角度賞畫，都會發現蒙娜麗莎的眼睛直視著你，這使人感到蒙娜麗莎的眼睛仿佛是活的，會隨著觀眾的視角游走，並對所有觀眾抱以永恆的微笑。